Johannes BRAHMS: Variations on a Theme by Paganini, Op. 35 Book I:
[7] Theme - 0:25
[8] Variation I - 0:23
[9] Variation II - 0:26
[10] Variation III - 0:25
[11] Variation IV - 1:05
[12] Variation V - 0:48
[13] Variation VI - 0:23
[14] Variation VII - 0:25
[15] Variation VIII - 0:26
[16] Variation IX - 1:21
[17] Variation X - 1:37
[18] Variation XI - 1:46
[19] Variation XII - 1:26
[20] Variation XIII - 0:33
[21] Variation XIV - 1:43
Book II:
[22] Variation I - 0:44
[23] Variation II - 0:35
[24] Variation III - 0:29
[25] Variation IV - 1:05
[26] Variation V - 0:23
[27] Variation VI - 0:21
[28] Variation VII - 0:18
[29] Variation VIII - 0:28
[30] Variation IX - 1:00
[31] Variation X - 0:49
[32] Variation XI - 0:25
[33] Variation XII - 1:20
[34] Variation XIII - 1:08
[35] Variation XIV - 1:19
TONY FAULKNER - Recording Engineer
CHRISTIANE ORTO - Editing
CARL TALBOT - Editing
DOLLY WILLIAMSON - A&R Direction
RICHARD DOMBROWSKI - Art Direction
HEINER SANWALD - Piano Technician
SERGEY BERMENIEW - Cover Photo
CARLO CABALLERO - Liner Notes
When the 19th century critic Heinrich Rellstab linked the first
movement of Beethoven's Sonata, Op. 27 No. 2, to the image of a boat
being rowed across Lake Lucerne in moonlight, he offered a personal
translation of abstract music. But he was also taking a cue from
Beethoven's subtitle, "sonata, almost a fantasy," for "fantasy"
originally referred to the ability to form descriptive mental images.
Rellstab's image and the nickname "moonlight," of course, date from ten
years after Beethoven's death and cannot be linked to the composer's
intentions. But for the romantic generation, external
imagery-moonlight, rowboats, or leafy bowers — mattered less than
the idea that Beethoven had filtered a private impression through his
own inner feeling and in so doing had invested his music with the power
to evoke original impressions in every sensitive listener.
Composed in 1801, this work soon become the most popular of Beethoven's
sonatas and remains so today. In both of the fantasy-sonatas of Op. 27,
Beethoven experimented with the relative weight of the movements so as
to transform the traditional presentation. In the Second Sonata we
have, in fact, an early example of Beethoven's tendency, in his
large-scale works, to give weight to the lost movement rather than to
the first. The finale is by far the biggest of the three movements: a
full-fledged sonata form with a substantial coda. The first movement,
in contrast, has nothing to do with sonata form; rather, its continuous
figuration, ranging freely over the keyboard, puts one in mind of the
prelude. To this eighteenth-century tradition Beethoven brings a
startling intensity of expression. A plaintive duet between the treble
and bass persists across the movement, and when the bass has the last
word, we are in darkness. After such introspective music, we are
surprised to encounter a minuet and trio whose syncopations amble forth
so cheerfully. The finale returns to minor, and the restrained
intensity of the first movement at lost explodes: the composer gives
full latitude to a rage whose cause we cannot know.
The full title of Brahms's Op. 35, Studien für Pianoforte:
Variationen über ein Therma von Paganini (1862-63), suggests a
double destination. These are not only variations for the public hall
but also studies for private use. Brahms's presentation, in two books
of fourteen variations each, invites the pianist to confront a range of
technical challenges according to a personal regimen. In the hands of a
first-rate interpreter who knows how to bring out the characteristic
qualities of each piece, the Paganini Variations make for rewarding
listening.
Except in his earliest works, Brahms took the harmonic chassis of the
chosen theme as the basis for inventing variations. The bass was his
law, while the tune of the original theme was secondary. In a letter of
1876, he distinguished between this traditional art and the more modern
"fantasia variation," which plays fast and loose with the harmonic and
periodic structure of the theme. Nonetheless, Brahms is not slavish in
his adherence to the original harmonic structure, and in both books he
clinches the final variation with a coda in three or four parts whose
free extensions fairly rank them as "fantasias" in Brahms's own terms.
Ever sensitive to nuances of genre and style, Brahms chose to recognize
his source, a caprice for violin, in the character of some of his
variations, In the third variation of the first book, as in the eighth
of the second, he adapts violinistic textures to the keyboard. He also
remembers that the caprice is a genre of wit and the unexpected.
Certainly, the acciaccature of the sixth variation in the second book
are mirthful, and the closing variation and coda in the second book
might themselves be considered a series of four short caprices, each
one freer than the lost. We find extreme contrasts, too, where Brahms
follows the delicate harmonic tendrils of the twelfth variation, his
most beautiful and subtle, with the bearish humor of the thirteenth. In
the seventh variation of the second book the complexity of Brahms's
metrical technique approaches self-parody. The superimposition of three
distinct rhythmic patterns in this cross-eyed creature is astonishing,
but it tumbles to an abrupt halt. The casual ending indicates that the
composer knew what he was about.
After a youthful career as a virtuoso pianist, César Franck
composed little for his own instrument until he was sixty-two. The
Prélude, Choral et Fugue (1884) was one of four large-scale
compositions with which he broke his pianistic silence. The style of
the Prélude is original, though the influence of Schumann may be
discerned in the way the melody is offset from the figuration. The
central Choral, however, virtually reinvents its genre. Hearing the
first phrases, we may well wonder how Franck could possibly have
attached the name "chorale" to such snaky music, which wavers between
E-Flat Major and C Minor. Soon, sumptuous chords arpeggiated across
four octaves make it clear that the chorale proper, with its failing
fourths and strong bass, has emerged. The convoluted phrase at the
start provided an element of contrast. At the end of the Choral, an
interlude in quicker tempo modulates back to the home key of B Minor
and effects a transition into the Fugue. Rather than articulating the
start of the Fugue with an accented beat, Franck allows the interlude
to "bleed" directly into the fugal subject — a strange,
disorienting effect. The fugue itself has nothing Bachian about it,
rather, it is a late nineteenth-century chromatic fantasy that only
occasionally bothers with counterpoint. After a whirling cadenza, the
figuration and rhythm of the Prélude return, and eventually the
chorale wafts magically into the treble. The masterstroke comes with
the further addition of the fugal subject beneath these two elements.
This complex texture achieves a three-layered synthesis of the entire
work, which ends in an unclouded B Major.
CARLO CABALLERO
Evgeny Kissin was born in Moscow in October 1971 and began to play and
improvise on the piano at the age of two, At six, he entered the Moscow
Gnessin School of Music where he was a student of Anna Pavlovna Kantor,
with whom he continues his studies to this day. Kissin came to
international attention in March 1984 when, at age 12, he performed the
two Chopin Concerti in the Great Hall of the Moscow Conservatory with
the Moscow State Philharmonic under the direction of Dmitri Kitaenko.
He made his western European debut in 1987 at the Berlin Festival and
has subsequently concertized widely throughout Europe to sold-out
houses. Kissin's first appearances in the U.S. took place in the autumn
of 1990 when, within 10 days, he performed the two Chopin Concerti with
the New York Philharmonic under Zubin Mehta and gave the first recital
of Carnegie Hall's centenary season. This sold-out Carnegie Hall
recital debut was recorded live for RCA Red Seal and was subsequently
nominated for a Grammy award, Kissin has since performed with the
Vienna Philharmonic, Amsterdam's Concertgebouw, the Bavarian Radio
Symphony Orchestra, London's Philharmonia and the Symphony Orchestras
of London, Paris, Chicago, Cleveland, Boston and Philadelphia, under
such notable conductors as Ashkenazy, Barenboim, Dohnányi,
Gergiev, Guilini, Levine, Muti, Ozawa, Rostropovich, Solti, Spivakov,
Svetlanov and Temirkanov. Among the numerous awards that Kissin has
received are the 1997 Triumph Prize (Russia's highest cultural honor),
Musical America's 1995 Instrumentalist of the Year, the 1994 Grand Prix
of La Nouvelle Académie du Disque in Paris, 1991 Musician of the
Year from the Chigiana Academy (Siena, Italy) and Holland's Edison
Klassiek in 1990. His televised appearances include a December 1988
debut with the Berlin Philharmonic and von Karajan in the Tchaikovsky
Concerto, and a 1991 appearance in Beethoven's "Choral Fantasy" with
the Berlin Philharmonic under Claudio Abbado. In August of 1997, Kissin
performed the first solo recital in the 103-year history of the Proms
at the Royal Albert Hall in London.
Recorded August 20-26, 1997 at Südwestfunk Landesstudio, Freiburg, Germany using 20-Bit Technology
Although the USSR's system of identifying and training musically
talented youngsters produced amazingly precocious pianists on a regular
basis, Evgeny Kissin stood out from them as a talent far surpassing
that of the usual Wunderkind. He has moved seemingly without difficulty
to become one of the finest adult pianists on the world's concert
stages. He began playing and improvising at the piano at the age of
two. At the astonishing age of six he was admitted to the Gnessin
School of Music for Gifted Children. His teacher there was Anna
Pavlovna Kantor, who remained his only teacher.
He debuted playing Mozart's K 466 Piano Concerto with the Orchestra of
Ulyanovsky. His first solo recital was in Moscow at age eleven.
In March, 1984, when he was twelve, he played both Chopin Concertos in
the Moscow Conservatory Great Hall with Dmitri Kitaenko conducting the
Moscow State Philharmonic. At this age he began making his first
recordings, which remain in the catalogue.
His debut in the West was in the 1987 Berlin Festival, where he played
Tchaikovsky's First Piano Concerto with the Berlin Philharmonic under
Herbert von Karajan. He was then sixteen, and was hailed as a
remarkable and mature artist. Recording contracts with western
companies resulted. He returned to Western Europe on a tour in 1988
with the Moscow Virtuosi, Vladimir Spivakov conducting.
In the same year he debuted at the BBC Promenade Concerts with David
Atherton conducting, and closed out the year at the traditional Berlin
Philharmonic New Year's Eve concert under Karajan.
The two Chopin concertos were his American debut vehicles with Zubin
Mehta and the New York Philharmonic. Ten days later he followed this up
with a sensational New York Recital debut at Carnegie Hall. Predictions
of a major piano career were common, and have been borne out.
His amazing finger dexterity and power are coupled with an electrifying
stage personality. His performances are dramatic and beautifully
judged, musically. He tours widely, and his records are eagerly awaited.
He appeared on the 1992 Grammy Awards ceremony, and in 1995 became the
youngest person ever awarded the Musical American Instrumentalist of
the Year. In 1996, the Russian government granted him the Triumph Award
for Excellence, one of its highest honors for culture. In 1997 he was
the first ever to give a solo piano recital as one of the BBC Proms
concerts. The six-thousand-plus seats of the Hall were sold out.
I've listened to this interpretation of Beethoven's famous "Moonlight"
Sonata a number of times and I'm still not sure whether I like it or
not. As in his excellent recent recording of Beethoven's Piano
Concertos (Nos. 2 and 5, on Sony Classical), Kissin plays with
remarkable clarity. This is a sharply-etched performance, to say the
least. In the first movement, the melody that hovers above the gently
undulating arpeggios seems freshly chiseled, and the bass line is
played with light accents on every note. I like the texture that is
revealed by this stratification. What I'm not crazy about is the
phrasing, which is full of little hesitations that negate the music's
flow.
The remainder of the sonata is more convincingly realized. The second
movement dances nimbly, but is also expressively lyrical. And in the
finale, the extraordinary clarity of Kissin's playing creates
considerable excitement. I even like the way he stretches the tempo
near the movement's end; it's wonderfully dramatic, especially coming
after so much relentless propulsion.
I have no quibbles about Kissin's performance of Franck's Prelude,
Chorale and Fugue. From the cascade of notes at the opening of the
prelude (which Kissin realizes with breathtaking liquidity of tone)
through the quiet ecstasy of the chorale, to the intricate fabric of
the closing fugue (where Kissin's ability to separate each individual
thread is awe-inspiring), this is playing of the highest order. Stephen
Hough offers a softer-edged, more introspective vision of this work on
his drop-dead gorgeous recording of Franck's complete piano music
(Hyperion). I'd be hard-pressed to choose between the two.
Let me admit that Brahms' Paganini-Variations have always left me
rather cold. Despite some moments of great beauty, they seem like a
series of glorified technical exercises. Kissin tosses off the work's
fearsome technical challenges with such ease I often found myself
shaking my head in amazement. But, even if Kissin's mind-blowing
dexterity has not convinced me that these variations are a masterpiece,
he finds more music in the maze of notes than any other performance
I've previously encountered. If Brahms' Paganini-Variations is your cup
of proverbial tea, you'll probably find Kissin's recording to be
exceptionally toothsome.
Despite my mixed feelings about the opening movement of the "Moonlight"
Sonata, this is an impressive recital. With all the complaining I've
heard about the faceless virtuosos of our day, it's heartening to
discover that Kissin is one young performer who has a musical
personality to match his astonishing technique.
Andrew Farach-Colton - CI Classical Review RATING: 8 - Really good (nearly great)
It has been 15 years since the 12-year-old Kissin came to international
attention playing the two Chopin concertos with the Moscow
Philharmonic. His virtuosity continues to stun, and the Brahms here is
conquered with complete ease and fearlessness. For clarity matched with
extremes of speed and volume, this account can have few equals -- as,
for example, in variations 4 and 14 in book one. In book two, I was
bowled over by the speed and lightness of variations 8 (using the ossia
in sixths) and 11, and in both books I am very pleased to hear some
lovely coloristic touches in the slower variations, including inner
voices on repeats. The Beethoven is well played throughout, but the
Franck is quite disappointing. It receives a full-blown "Technicolor"
treatment that frequently misses the musical point in an effort to make
a pianistic effect. The structure is fragmented, the dynamics are often
extreme, and the aggressive muscularity that might suit much of the
Brahms is here quite unwelcome. The gift to be simple is rarely
evident, and the mystical and "reverential" aspects of the score are
either lacking or applied halfheartedly. This is definitely a work that
Kissin could grow into, but he's not there yet.
Charles Timbrell - July 6, 1998 FanFare
A wizard of technical control since his prodigy days, Kissin simply
uses this as a foundation to probe the depths of such core repertory
items as the ones on this collection. It takes a truly subtle
musicality and grasp to make the endlessly recorded Moonlight sound
fresh, but Kissin has the goods, pulling the carpet from underneath and
making you really notice, with his unsentimental, steady tempo, how
unsettling Beethoven's harmonic fluctuations are in a first movement of
startling inwardness. Kissin allows the middle minuet to blossom within
the sonata's larger nightscape, while he pushes the finale's cri de
coeur to its heaven-storming edge. He likewise traces the
late-19th-century gothic labyrinth of Franck's Prelude, Choral et Fugue
with an absorbing blend of delicacy and power. But the real highlight
of this disc is the gloriously brilliant intensity Kissin brings to the
Brahms Paganini Variations. Listen to how he parades a dizzying,
dazzling series of moods--from caressing introspection and
bone-crunching, steely chords to the giddy cross-rhythms of Book II,
Variation 7--to match Brahms's magnitude of invention. This is pianism
of the first order.
Thomas May, Amazon.com essential recording
Referenz-Aufnahme der Paganini-Variationen
Evgeny Kissin war lange Zeit das Wunderkind im Konzertbetrieb, seit er
im Alter von 12 mit einer Aufführung der beiden
Chopin-Klavierkonzerte für Furore sorgte; die Auswahl seines
Konzertprogrammes war lange Zeit durch romantische Stücke sowie
solche russischer Komponisten geprägt. In den letzten Jahren hat
sich dies jedoch geändert: so hat er nicht nur Haydn- und
Schubert-Klaviersonaten eingespielt (Sony), sondern widmet sich in der
hier vorliegenden CD erstmals einer Klaviersonate Ludwig van Beethovens
und einem Zentralwerk Johannes Brahms', den berüchtigten
Paganini-Variationen. Außerdem findet sich mit dem
Prélude, Choral et Fugue ein Vertreter der französischen
Spätromantik auf der Einspielung.
Wenn man es auf den ersten Blick bedauern mag, daß Kissin
ausgerechnet die "Mondschein"-Sonate gewählt hat, deren 1. Satz
von jedem noch so unbegabten Amateur gespielt wird, so ändert sich
diese Einstellung nach dem ersten Hören sofort. Mit welcher
Anschlagskultur und tiefgehendem Verständnis für die Struktur
des Stückes Kissin etwa den ersten Satz spielt, ist beeindruckend.
Der zweite Satz, von Liszt als "Blume zwischen zwei Abgründen"
bezeichnet, wirkt wie ein federleichter Ausflug in heitere Gefilde,
bevor der dritte Satz einsetzt. Wie Kissin diesen interpretiert, ist
meiner Ansicht nach atemberaubend: Mit welchem unnachgiebigem Drive,
ohne dabei auch nur ein Quentchen an Durchsichtigkeit zu verlieren, er
durch diesen Satz jagt, konnte man nicht einmal bei dem dafür auch
bekannten Friedrich Gulda erleben. Zwar mag dies nicht jedermanns Sache
sein und manche mögen die etwas weniger kompromißlos
virtuose Herangehensweise Alfred Brendels (Philips) vorziehen; Kissins
Interpretationsansatz ist jedoch (für mich) überzeugend und
konsequent durchgezogen.
Das Zentralwerk der vorliegenden Einspielung sind unstreitig die
Paganini-Variationen von Brahms. Es handelt sich dabei um ein sowohl
technisch als auch musikalisch schwer darzustellendes Stück, das
nur bei einem Interpreten mit unanfechtbarem technischen Rüstzeug
und einer hohen musikalischen Intelligenz überzeugen kann.
Insofern kann man meiner Ansicht nach nur die Einspielungen von Arrau
und Oppitz als gelungen bezeichnen. - Spieltechnisch gesehen gibt es
für Kissin ohnehin keine "unspielbaren" Stücke (so aber das
Urteil von Clara Schumann, ihrzufolge jedenfalls für Frauen), und
so meistert er auch die schwierigsten Passagen nicht nur, sondern
vermag auch noch bei den anspruchsvollsten Variationen gestalterisch
tätig werden. So kann er jeder Variation einen eigenen Charakter
geben und durch insgesamt sehr schnelle Tempi gerade bei den
vertracktesten Passagen diese durch einen roten Faden verbinden, was
anderen Pianisten schon technisch kaum möglich wäre. Auch hat
er es nicht nötig, sich bei derartigen Stellen durch
übermäßigen Pedalgebrauch zu "verstecken", so daß
sein Spiel eine fast übernatürliche Klarheit gewinnt. Meiner
Auffassung nach gelingt ihm hier eine Referenzeinspielung des
Stückes, an zukünftige Interpretationen gemessen werden
müssen.
Es ist schade, daß César Franck einerseits nicht allzuviel
für Klavier komponiert hat und andererseits dieses nicht die ihm
gebührende Aufmerksamkeit findet. So ist es umso lobenswerter,
daß Kissin sich dieses Stückes annimmt - eine ähnlich
gelungene, neuere Einspielung des Prélude, Choral und Fuge ist
kürzlich von Stephen Hough (Hyperion) vorgelegt worden.
Beeindruckend ist vor allem, wie der junge Russe im Choral
orgelähnliche Klanggebilde auftürmt und wie vehement, aber
auch mit welchem Überblick er sich der Schluß-Fuge annimmt.
In Anbetracht der wiederum überragenden Klangqualität der
Aufnahme eine ohne Einschränkungen empfehlenswerte Einspielung -
vor allem auch für diejenigen, denen Brahms zu "ernst" erschien
oder die von Franck noch nichts gehört haben.
Rezensentin/Rezensent aus Deutschland, 19. März 2001
Interesting and occasionally compelling
Evgeny Kissin is to be congratulated for his work on this CD. His
standard of pianism is of the highest quality, though I do not agree
with every detail of his interpretations. He has also introduced two
lesser known works along with the very famous 'Moonlight Sonata.' In
this way he is bringing in a new audience for certain works, which is
always laudable. So let us turn to the details. Beethoven's 'Moonlight
Sonata' has obviously been thought about very carefully by the
performer. The first movement is very delicately conceived without too
many pauses evident in other interpretations. Overall this is a
compelling reading. My only reservation is an irritating rythmic
inaccuracy in the repeated notes. The allegretto is of course charming,
although there are no surprises here. The real meat is in the last
movement. The playing is so precise, it reminds one of Glenn Gould.
During some climaxes whole swathes of notes are muddled by use of the
sustain pedal, but this seems to fit. Then there is the real magic.
Beautiful cantabile, never before heard in this movement. All in all
this is a very successful performance. The Cesar Franck is of course a
relatively slight romantic piece, in which all the movements segue into
eachother. But it is interesting. The movements seem to have some
thematic linkage. Occasionally the music is very pleasant. The closing
fugue is really canonic repitition with changes in harmony. Surely the
interpretation is one of the most persuasive arguments this piece will
ever receive. Finally the Brahms. The composer must have thought a lot
of this work. After all there are 28 variations on the famous theme by
Paganini. To me for the most part it seems strictly classical having
more in common with the Diabelli Variations than the more famous set
later composed by Rachmaninov. And of course there is nothing to match
THE variation by the latter composer. But it is interesting enough.
Although I mention the Diabelli set there is nothing here to match
Beethoven's penetrating insight. But I am grateful for it having been
brought to my attention. Suffice to say that the longest variation is
only 1'46". Once more the performance is of the highest standard. I am
happy to have this CD in my collection.
A music fan from Nantwich, Cheshire, UK, 14 April, 2001
Fascinating
Evgeny Kissing is one a young Piano genius. In this cd you will find a
deep Beethoven, Franck and Brahms. To each of those three pieces
Kissing brings his own ideas, virtuosity and a clear and sharp sound
(very sharp for a recording!) of his piano. therefor one can expect to
get here an intelectual advanture. A very recomanded cd.
Ron Katz from Haifa Israel , January 15, 2001
Phenomenal!
For many, this recording would be a revelation: the storm of emotions
in Moonlight puts Kissin's account in a class of its own, the subtle
intensity of Franck's Prelude, Choral and Fugue comes across as a
colorful singing narrative, and Brahms's staggering Variations on a
Theme of Paganini finally get the involvement and attention they
deserve. Kissin is a poet at the piano, but his technique is beyond
words - he uses incredible accuracy and tonal clarity as a supporting
means of expression. The name that comes to mind of a pianist that
possessed this kind of combination is Sviatoslav Richter, however
Kissin engages in even more interpretative ventures, making his
versions immediately unique.
This CD is a definite jewel; even if you have these pieces on other
recordings, I would still recommend you get this one. Interestingly, I
think, the program here was arranged with intent. After Beethoven's
Presto Agitato literally "shakes your world" one is ready for
reflective, sophisticated Franck. And then Brahms's heart stopping
Paganini variation will send you on a journey through the world of
cascading melodies and intriguing and even whimsical twists and turns.
This CD is guarantees to provide hours of listening enjoyment, for
every time you play it, there will be something previously undiscovered
waiting for you. RCA did a fantastic job of recording: the sound is
real and spacious.
Stephen Ettinger from Colorado, USA , May 10, 2000
Amazing Recording!
Before I begin the review I want to explain something. I am a 13 year
old boy and untill a few years ago I was into pop music just like most
kids are. But one day my mother played me 2 recordings of Evegny Kissin
and it changed my life! I am now a devoted classical music fan and
attend many concerts. What CD did you here you may ask? Well it was
this very one that I am going to review and the CD with the Bach/Busoni
Chaccone on it.
Now for the review: I own many versions of the first peice on this CD,
The Beethoven "Moonlight Sonata," including Alfred Brandel's and Misha
Dicter's, Kissin's is by far the best. The first movment is done very
well and Kissin brings out the the melody and harmonys very well! The
Second movment is played just as it is called for. Mr. Kissin plays it
lightly and has alot of fun with it. And finnaly, the thrid movment is
absolutley Brilliant! He Plays it fast and crisply and seems to put the
accents in just the right place!
Now I am not the one to Judge the Frank Prelude, Choral et Fugue but I
very much enjoyed it. Paganini Variations are spectacular. I do not
think that there has ever been any Pianist that has ever or will play
this piece with such Dyamics and power. Its worth it to by this CD for
just this Piece Alone! My Final thoughts are that this CD is one of his
best and a good one for first time Kissin listeners, along with the
Bach/Busoni Chaccone. (I hve a review of the Bach/Busoni Chaacone as
well)